El libro en el escondite de El Chapo / Roberto Saviano – El País

Las proclamas gubernamentales y las declaraciones victoriosas que siguen a las detenciones de criminales ilustres siempre me han hecho reflexionar. Nací y crecí en el sur de Italia, el país que cuenta con las organizaciones criminales más poderosas y peligrosas del mundo y sé bien que cuando uno de sus jefes es detenido, eso no significa que el Estado haya obtenido una victoria. Cuando un jefe es arrestado es porque se ha vuelto débil, es porque otros le han vendido, es para salvarse de una posible ejecución, es porque ha decidido colaborar con la justicia, incapaz de soportar ya la clandestinidad. Cuando un jefe es detenido, los que menos deberían alegrarse por ello son los políticos, para no quedar como simples marionetas o, peor aún, como chacales, para no ser objeto de mofa y escarnio. VER MÁS…

The rising threat of organised crime on social media / Robert Muggah

Even as the digital revolution kicks into gear, there are signs everywhere of governments using new technologies to monitor and repress citizens. The revelations of the National Security Agency’s (NSA) sprawling spying programme are just the start. And it is not just Western governments that are spying on citizens in faraway places – surveillance has become a common practice around the world.

But governments don´t have a monopoly on the use of big data to monitor and anticipate threats. Private investment banks have extensive experience in this space, as have a growing cadre of digital humanitarians who are harnessing satellite and telecommunications data to help disaster victims. And now it seems crime syndicates, cartels and gangs are getting into the game. Some of them are quintessential early adopters; they canvass social media to identify and neutralize competitors, but also to manage public relations.

Crime in the spotlight

The involvement of drug-trafficking organizations online might strike the reader as odd, even counter-intuitive. After all, organized crime traditionally thrives in the shadows, far from the public gaze. Historically, crime groups invest in minimizing their public profile, not amplifying it. The internet is changing all that. Organizations as diverse as the ISIS and the Zeta Cartel are using cyberspace to shape opinion and elicit respect, fear and terror. SEE  MORE…

Global: It´s time for humanitarian agencies to work in fragile cities / Robert Muggah

Humanitarian agencies are questioning when and how to engage with violent urban settings. Some of them are developing new and innovative approaches to protection and aid delivery. Others are more hesitant. Building on his TED talk, Robert Muggah describes four ways they are thinking about fragile cities.

The breakneck pace and scale of urbanization is precipitating an unprecedented demographic transition. Not surprising, violence is also migrating to the metropole. Overlapping forms of violence are emerging in fast growing lower-income neighborhoods and informal settlements of the South. Some war-torn cities – Aleppo, Gaza, and Mosul – are especially badly affected, with entire neighborhoods in smoldering ruins. In other municipalities – Caracas, Cape Town, Maceio and San Pedro Sula – violence is reaching epidemic levels even if the buildings are still standing. SEE MORE…

Brazil: Mapping Arms Data / Robert Muggah

What is it?
Drawing from existing data sources, the projectMAD website tracks the global trade in small arms, light weapons, and ammunition. Small arms are responsible for the vast majority of conflict deaths and homicidal violence across the globe yet the trade is poorly regulated and penetrated by illicit networks.

The MAD project increases transparency and promotes accountability in the global trade of small arms and ammunition in order to understand how they threaten security and development throughout the world.

How does it work?
The underlying data draws from over 37 publicly available sources documenting the authorized trade of arms and ammunition, covering 262 states and territories and aggregating over a million data points. Users can explore the interface to map weapons flows by country and year between 1992-2012.

The visualization displays the volume and composition of each country’s small arms transfers, differentiating between military and civilian weapons and ammunition. It also shows the direction of exports and imports and how much they are worth. SEE MORE…

Global: Preventing Fragile Cities From Becoming Failed Cities /Robert Muggah

The sheer pace and scale of urbanization is precipitating one of the most dramatic demographic shifts in human history. More than half of the world’s population now resides in cities. At least 500 cities have populations greater than one million, including over 28 megacities with ten million or more inhabitants.

In 1950 there were just 83 cities with over one million people and only three megacities.

Alongside fast growing global cities is another category of urban settlement that is falling behind. While some cities like Bogota and São Paulo are serving as national growth poles, others like Caracas and San Salvador are sinking into decay. Many are emerging in fast urbanizing parts of the Americas as well as Africa and Asia.

These urban nodes of instability have implications for poverty and inequality reduction. Some security experts believe that so-called ‘feral cities’ and their sprawling slums will serve as future landscapes of national unrest, civil conflict and urban insurgency. SEE MORE…

Global: “Fragile cities” plagued by violence, unemployment, lack of education

Unemployed youth. Lack of education. Social tension. Violence. These are among the characteristics of “fragile cities” overrun with crime and gangs, making them difficult to govern, Robert Muggah writes in Foreign Affairs.

Muggah cites a variety of factors for the trend. “Turbo-urbanization” — meteoric population surge over a short period — is a contributor. An example is Karachi, which grew from a half million people in 1947 to 21 million today. While the port city plays a key economic role for Pakistan, it’s also among the world’s most violent metropolises. Other fragile cities include Acapulco, Mexico; Maceió, Brazil; San Pedro Sula, Honduras; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; and Lagos, Nigeria. SEE MORE…

México: Tres puertos mexicanos, vía de droga hacia Italia

Manzanillo, Veracruz y Altamira, los puntos de envío; las autoridades de ese país han descubierto un nuevo método de introducción de estupefacientes

El 9 de febrero de 2015, hace exactamente un mes, la noticia del decomiso de cocaína pura en el puerto de Gioia Tauro pasó casi inadvertida.

Quizá porque el descubrimiento de droga y otros productos ilegales en los puertos de todo el mundo es algo cotidiano y aún más en el de Gioia Tauro, donde cada año se confiscan, en promedio, 800 toneladas sólo de cocaína. Unos cuantos párrafos sin profundizar en algunos portales italianos y hasta ahí.

Sin embargo éste no era un cargamento común. Ni por la cantidad ni por su lugar de origen. Era apenas el tercer cargamento decomisado en los primeros días de 2015 y ya superaba por mucho los dos aseguramientos anteriores y todos los de los últimos seis meses de 2014 en los puertos italianos. VER MÁS…

Brazil: Stray Bullets Are No Accident / Robert Muggah

Thirty-two bullets. That’s all it took to shatter the lives of just as many innocent men, women and children in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro last month. It is an unspeakable tragedy. The victims consist of toddlers and senior citizens — all of them going about their own business. Most of them are residents of low-income neighborhoods, especially the city’s sprawling north zone.

The blame game is in full swing. The state’s Secretary for Public Security has condemned drug trafficking groups, alluding to a «nation of criminals» with brazen disregard for human life. Meanwhile, human rights activists say that the military police are also to blame. Caught in the crossfire, locals are throwing up their hands in resignation. Yet there is nothing accidental about these incidents — they are indicative of a failure of public policy. SEE MORE…

Global: Las 50 ciudades más violentas del mundo 2014

Acapulco ocupa el tercer lugar en el ranking global elaborado por la organización Seguridad, Justicia y Paz, los números públicos arrojan una disminución de la violencia en México, sin embargo, los creadores de este organismo advierten que hay riesgos de distorsión de la información.

Ocho ciudades mexicanas figuran en el ranking de las 50 ciudades más violentas del mundo elaborado por la organización Seguridad Justicia y Paz.

Por cuarto año consecutivo, con 1,317 homicidios, la ciudad hondureña de San Pedro Sula ocupó el primer lugar entre las 50 ciudades de más de 300,000 habitantes contabilizadas por la organización.VER MÁS…

Global: Fixing Fragile Cities. Solutions for Urban Violence and Poverty / Robert Muggah

In the decades to come, the city, not the state, will decide stability and development. People around the world have been converging on cities for centuries, and more than half of them live in one today. Western cities have grown so dominant that commentators now speak of “the triumph” of cities and call on mayors to rule the world.

The direction of urban population growth is shifting dramatically, as Africans and Asians, not Americans or Europeans, flock to cities in unprecedented numbers. According to the latest UN estimates, more than 90 percent of all future population growth will occur in the cities and sprawling shantytowns of the developing world. Meanwhile, urban population growth in most developed economies will slow; in some places, it could even shift into reverse. SEE MORE… 

México: Sabio Saviano / Yuriria Sierra

Todas estas drogas, las legales y las ilegales, enferman y pueden matar a las personas que las consumen.

Lo he escrito aquí repetidas veces: necesitamos un debate en serio sobre el alcance que podría tener la legalización de la mariguana. Aunque en realidad, debería ser así para todas las drogas: “Nuestra realidad autoriza, como lo hace con el tabaco o el alcohol, el consumo personal en esas pequeñas dosis, pero, a diferencia de aquellas otras drogas (porque fumar y beber también crean adicción), no tienen un posicionamiento en el mercado de forma legal. No tienen publicidad, no son empresas establecidas, no pagan impuestos. Y, muy importante, no derraman sangre para continuar operando. Todas estas drogas, las legales y las ilegales, enferman y pueden matar a las personas que las consumen. VER MÁS…

Latin America Scores Lowest on Security / Jan Sonnenschein

Venezuelans report lowest security levels worldwide .

Residents of Latin America and the Caribbean were the least likely among all global regions last year to feel secure in their communities. In 2013, the region scored a 56 (on a scale from 0 to 100) on Gallup’s Law and Order Index, which is based on confidence in local police, feelings of personal safety, and self-reported incidence of theft. Residents of Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the U.S. and Canada were the most likely to feel secure. SEE MORE…

Brazil Can Put Safety and Justice at the Heart of Global Development / Robert Muggah

The future of global development policy is being hotly debated in New York over the coming months. Governments from 193 countries are negotiating the form and content of the so-called Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs. These new benchmarks will replace the eight Millennium Development Goals that expire in 2015. Most diplomats agree on the importance of including core development priorities into the future SDGs including ending poverty and hunger, ensuring healthy lives and quality education, and guaranteeing access to water and energy. Many also believe that peace, security and justice, controversial and difficult to measure though they may be, must be explicitly recognized as development priorities in their own right. SEE MORE…

Brazil Can Put Safety and Justice at the Heart of Global Development / Robert Muggah

The future of global development policy is being hotly debated in New York over the coming months. Governments from 193 countries are negotiating the form and content of the so-called Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs. These new benchmarks will replace the eight Millennium Development Goals that expire in 2015. Most diplomats agree on the importance of including core development priorities into the future SDGs including ending poverty and hunger, ensuring healthy lives and quality education, and guaranteeing access to water and energy. Many also believe that peace, security and justice, controversial and difficult to measure though they may be, must be explicitly recognized as development priorities in their own right.

The SDGs are about much more than achieving a diplomatic consensus. Starting next year, they will serve as a road-map for driving development around the world, including the world’s poorest countries. Like the remarkably successful MDGs before them, they will incentivize governments to establish forward-looking benchmarks, monitor progress, and provide critical signals about the health of our planet. They matter fundamentally. And yet the SDGs will stumble if they do not account explicitly for some of the most intractable roadblocks to development, including violence, injustice and corruption.   SEE MORE…

Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime /Vienna

The Global Study on Homicide 2013 seeks to shed light on the worst of crimes — the intentional killing of one human being by another. Beyond resulting in the deaths of nearly half a million people in 2012, this form of violent crime has a broad impact on security — and the perception of security — across all societies. This study, which builds on the ground-breaking work of UNODC’s first Global Study on Homicide in 2011, is particularly timely as the international community is engaged in defining the post-2015 Development agenda. As United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon has made clear, development progress cannot be achieved or sustained amid violence, insecurity and injustice. SEE MORE…

 

Global: La cruz del homicidio en el mundo / José Buendía Hegewisch

Ante el fracaso de la estrategia anticrimen y la destrucción de las instituciones locales, el go-bierno federal prácticamente no tuvo alternativa que aceptar el control de ciudadanos armados en la Tierra Caliente, ante la disyuntiva de una mayor violencia.

El mundo nunca ha sido un lugar tranquilo y seguro para todos; y cada vez es menos en urbes donde matar es fácil para el crimen organizado, las pandillas o la delincuencia común. El año pasado casi medio millón de personas fueron asesinadas en 219 países de acuerdo con el Estudio mundial del homicidio 2013 de la UNODOC. México está entre los que más aportan a engrosar la cifra, junto con otros latinoamericanos también “crucificados por la violencia”, parafraseando al cardenal Rivera en esta Semana Santa. Unos por la violencia de las bandas del narco y otros por las pandillas —para muchos son lo mismo— o porque salen de conflictos políticos, pero lo cierto es que los cinco países que lideran las tasas de homicidio en el mundo están en América Latina, particularmente en Centroamérica, la región en la cual nos ubica a nosotros el informe. VER MÁS…

 

 

El desafío de las drogas / Laura Rojas

El número de muertos al año relacionados con las drogas se estima en 211 mil, la mayoría de ellos jóvenes.

Pocos temas de la agenda de los organismos internacionales logran captar la atención más allá de los funcionarios gubernamentales de los países que forman parte de ellos o de ciertos grupos de interés. El fenómeno multidimensional de las drogas y la forma en que debe abordarse es, sin duda, uno de esos temas.

El reconocimiento mayoritario de que la estrategia que se ha instrumentado para enfrentar el problema mundial de las drogas no ha generado resultados satisfactorios a pesar de la enorme inversión y pérdida de recursos, tanto humanos como económicos, y la convocatoria de una sesión especial de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas a celebrarse en 2016 para revisar dicha estrategia, son el marco en el que la Comisión de Estupefacientes de la ONU celebró su 57 sesión, misma que concluyó este viernes.  VER MÁS…

México: Los narcos y la clase política / Víctor Manuel Sánchez Valdés

Mientras que en Italia y Colombia han procesado y enviado a la cárcel a decenas de políticos por sus vínculos con el crimen organizado, en México el procesar y encarcelar a los políticos que protegen al narco sigue siendo una práctica poco común; sin embargo si queremos debilitar la acción de las redes criminales que operan en nuestro país se requiere combatir a la estructura política que las protege.

Una organización criminal que no cuenta con la complicidad del aparato político difícilmente puede llegar a consolidarse. Los grupos criminales de todo el mundo destinan grandes cantidades de dinero y utilizan la violencia para convencer tanto a políticos como a funcionarios públicos de proteger sus intereses, por ello no se puede pensar en una estrategia integral de combate al crimen organizado que no contemple la detección y desarticulación de las redes de protección política que sirven a las organizaciones criminales de nuestro país. VER MÁS…

Global: At Davos, a Drug Policy Tipping Point? / Robert Muggah and Ilona Szabo de Carvalho

Against a backdrop of furtive networking and tinkling champagne glasses at this year’s World Economic Forum in Davos, something truly remarkable happened. In a packed convention hall, four global leaders gathered on stage to debate the future of drug policy. For more than an hour they discussed the pros and cons of decriminalization and regulation, bringing a once politically toxic issue into the veritable heart of the economic establishment. The mood was relaxed, but the commentary was intensely focused. At least five take-away messages are worth singling out.

First, focus on the destructive and devastating effects of misguided (drug) policy on people. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan spoke passionately about the ruinous impacts of the global war on drugs. He called for an updated approach based on promoting public health and education. The criminalization of small-time users, particularly poor African Americans and Latinos, is intolerable. Annan described how lives are destroyed, families are impoverished, prisons are packed to bursting point, and development is denied by wrong-headed efforts to crack down on drugs. SEE  MORE…

Global: Leaders get smart on drug policy in Davos / Ilona Szabo de Carvalho Robert Muggah

A more nuanced conversation on drug policy is taking shape among world leaders — one that would have seemed heretical three years ago.

A young man smokes a marijuana joint in downtown Vancouver. One of the lessons of the drug discussion at Davos was that it’s wise to distinguish between marijuana and other drugs when designing policy.

Amidst the sounds of tinkling wine glasses and furtive conversation at this year’s World Economic Forum in Davos, something remarkable happened. In a packed convention hall, four international leaders gathered on stage to discuss the future of drug policy. They debated the pros and cons of decriminalization and regulation, bringing a politically toxic issue into the veritable heart of the economic establishment. The mood was relaxed, but the commentary was razor sharp. At least five take-away messages are worth singling out. SEE  MORE…

Lições inesperadas de Davos sobre Política de Drogas

Em meio a copos de vinho e um networking voraz no Fórum Mundial Econômico em Davos deste ano, algo notável aconteceu. Em um centro de convenções lotado, quatro líderes internacionais se reuniram em um palco para discutir o futuro das políticas de drogas. Eles debateram os prós e contras da descriminalização e da regulação, trazendo à tona um assunto politicamente tóxico ao cerne do establishment econômico. O clima era descontraído, mas os comentários eram precisos. Vale a pena destacar ao menos cinco mensagens para serem consideradas. MAIS…

Brazil: Dispatch to Brazil: Give Peace a Chance in the Post-2015 Development Agenda / Robert Muggah and Eduarda Hamann

Brazilian diplomats often like to remind their counterparts that their country hasn’t picked a fight in its neighborhood for almost 150 years. Brazil very reluctantly joined the Second World War in 1944, but played an important role in helping reconstruct Europe in its aftermath. They are justifiably proud of their historical commitment to peace; it is a legacy worth preserving. Yet there are signs that Brazil’s forward momentum in Promoting safety, security, justice, and governance is lagging. Since hosting the

Rio+20 conference in 2012, Brazil has been coy about the place of these issues in the post-2015 development agenda. During recent negotiations in New York over future sustainable development goals (SDGs), Brazil’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs appeared to be taking them off the table entirely. SEE MORE…

Chile: III Concurso Internacional: Buenas Prácticas de Análisis Delictual / Fundación Paz Ciudadana

Fundación Paz Ciudadana, como en años anteriores, con la colaboración de Motorola Solutions Foundation y la International Association of Crime Analysts (IACA), interesados en reconocer aquellas iniciativas que han logrado poner en marcha alguna estrategia, tecnología o modalidad destinada a mejorar la calidad y la eficiencia en el análisis delictual y, de esta forma, brindar apoyo en la reducción del delito o la persecución penal, invitan a todas las instituciones, públicas y privadas, especialistas y académicos de América Latina, a participar en el:

III Concurso Internacional

BUENAS PRÁCTICAS DE ANÁLISIS DELICTUAL

El o un representante del o los autores de los trabajos seleccionados será invitado a exponer dicha “mejor práctica” en el marco de la V Conferencia Internacional sobre Persecución Penal y Análisis del Delito que tendrá lugar en Santiago en julio de 2014. En esa misma semana se realizará el IV Taller Internacional de Entrenamiento en Análisis del Delito, destinado a policías, fiscales, profesionales del área justicia y seguridad.

Los interesados en participar deberán descargar el formulario digital y enviarlo antes del viernes 4 de abril de 2014 hasta las 12:00 hrs. a ptudela@pazciudadana.cl y/o cguajardo@pazciudadana.cl. VER MÁS…

Cobertura de la violencia: lo que no se debe hacer y comunicar / Rubén Aguilar Valenzuela

El tema de la seguridad y la violencia, en la medida de lo posible, no debe estar presente en la agenda mediática de los gobiernos. Si éstos no tienen otra posibilidad que pronunciarse sobre estos temas, deben tener en cuenta que en el tratamiento de los mismos nunca debe hacerse y comunicar lo que aquí se propone.

1.- Presentación de los detenidos

Nunca deben ser presentados ante los medios por razones jurídicas. Toda persona, también los delincuentes, tiene derecho al debido proceso. Cualquier sospechoso es inocente hasta que se pruebe su responsabilidad en el delito que se les imputa. Así, el juicio mediático, que se inicia con la presentación pública de los detenidos, viola el debido proceso y los derechos humanos de los presentados.VER MÁS…

 

 

Ecuador: Quito acoge primer encuentro internacional de seguridad ciudadana

La capital de Ecuador, Quito, acoge desde mañana el I Encuentro Internacional de Seguridad Ciudadana (Eisce) en el que se hablará sobre justicia, derechos humanos, ciudades inteligentes y procesos de erradicación de la violencia en escenarios deportivos, entre otros.

El evento, que es organizado por el Ministerio Coordinador de Seguridad y finalizará el próximo 6 de noviembre, contará con la participación de expositores de China, Chile, Estados Unidos, Ecuador e Inglaterra. VER MÁS…

Gangs, Slums, Megacities and the Utility of Population-Centric COIN / Vanda Felbab-Brown

Small Wars Journal: As we are very close (at time of the interview) to the 20th anniversary of the Battle of Mogadishu, don’t you feel that the kind of threat that we faced back then (non-state warlord gangs that operate across domains in the crime world, insurgency and illicit economy) is proliferating around the world? Looking at what is happening in the slums of megacities – such as Cite Soleil in Haiti, Tivoli Gardens in Kingston, Jamaica – or with the Al Qaeda affiliates, do we have a pattern here?

Vanda Felbab-Brown: I am not sure that I would say that the threat has necessarily proliferated, because it was already there in the 1990s, including at the time of the Mogadishu battle. But perhaps we were not paying so much attention to it. Many of the areas that are experiencing problems today and are ruled by non-state actors have had chronic problems for a long time. Certainly, if we look at the favelas in Rio de Janeiro exactly in the 1992-1994 timeframe when the Somalia crisis exploded, the favelas were fully run by gangs and there were a lot of violent confrontations between them and the state. We see the same pattern also in other parts of Africa or Karachi or Colombia, with gangs often linked to politicians. So it is not necessarily a proliferation, but rather what we witness now is our paying more attention to these unstable areas. SEE MORE…

Funes admite ante ONU que gobierno participó en tregua entre pandillas

El presidente salvadoreño, Mauricio Funes, admitió ayer ante la Asamblea General de la ONU, que el gobierno participó en la tregua de las pandillas, aunque matizó que lo hizo como «facilitador».

Asimismo, el mandatario prefirió calificar a los grupos delincuenciales como «pandillas juveniles», a pesar de que en el país las mismas autoridades de seguridad las consideran como estructuras delincuenciales y las vinculan a delitos como el tráfico de drogas, extorsiones y otros.

Incluso, EE. UU. ha calificado a las pandillas como «estructuras criminales», sobre todo a la MS (mara Salvatrucha). VER MÁS…

The Two Faces of Security in Hybrid Political Orders: A Framework for Analysis and Research / Robin Luckham, Tom Kirk

This paper reframes the security and development debate through fresh theoretical lenses, which view security as highly contested both in the realm of politics and in the realm of ideas.[i] For some analysts security concerns political power, including the use of organised force to establish and maintain social orders and to protect them from external and internal threats. For others it is about how individuals and communities are protected (or protect themselves) from violence, abuse of power and other existential risks. We integrate both approaches whilst placing our focus on the deep tensions between them. Combining them is especially apposite in the hybrid political orders of conflict-torn regions in the developing world – where the state and its monopoly of violence are contested and diverse state and non-state security actors coexist, collaborate or compete. SEE MORE…

 

IDRC, Safe and Inclusive Cities: Panel Discussion Live on Internet (Sept. 13) / English and French

IDRC Panel Discussion and Live Webcast. How can we make cities safer?

The speed and scale of global urbanization are staggering. How can we make cities safer?

More than half of the world’s population — around 3.4 billion people — now lives in cities. In 1950, 80 urban centres had populations exceeding 1 million; today there are 480 such centres that grow weekly by a million infants and migrants. And although globalization connects cities and people with the possibility of better access to jobs, goods, and services, many of the world’s fastest growing cities are experiencing a sharp escalation in violence.

IDRC is pleased to invite you to a panel presentation by international researchers who will share insights from local interventions to create safer and more equitable urban environments in Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia.

When: Friday, September 13, 2013, 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.  // Where: IDRC, W. David Hopper Room, 150 Kent Street, 8th floor, Ottawa, ON. SEE MORE…

 

América Latina: Los cárteles de Latinoamérica exportan cada vez más hacia el este de Asia

Los cárteles de Latinoamérica exportan cantidades cada vez mayores de cocaína y metanfetaminas hacia los países emergentes del este de Asia, indicó este miércoles un alto responsable estadounidense de la lucha contra el narcotráfico.

Manila, FILIPINAS. La caída de la demanda en Estados Unidos está llevando a los grupos criminales a buscar nuevos mercados, indicó William Brownfield, subsecretario de la Oficina para Asuntos Internacionales y de Aplicación de la Ley en materia de Narcóticos, en una conferencia de prensa en Manila.

“A medida que Estados Unidos frena cada vez más el flujo de cocaína y metanfetaminas desde América del Sur, las organizaciones de tráfico de drogas buscan nuevos mercados y algunos de ellos están en el este de Asia”, dijo Brownfield. VER MÁS…